{"id":3584,"date":"2020-07-10T09:00:10","date_gmt":"2020-07-10T13:00:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cardinalnewmansociety.org\/?p=3584"},"modified":"2020-08-05T20:51:05","modified_gmt":"2020-08-06T00:51:05","slug":"key-points-guadalupe-ministerial-exception","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cardinalnewmansociety.org\/key-points-guadalupe-ministerial-exception\/","title":{"rendered":"Key Points on Supreme Court\u2019s Our Lady of Guadalupe Ruling on Ministerial Exception"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n
Click here for PDF<\/a><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The Cardinal Newman Society is working on detailed guidance to help Catholic schools and colleges strengthen their ability to claim the \u201cministerial exception\u201d in light of the July 8th<\/sup> Supreme Court ruling in Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Agnes Morrissey-Berru<\/em> (combined with St. James School v. Darryl Biel, as Personal Representative of the Estate of Kristen Biel<\/em>). The following summarizes our current understanding of the ruling. Educators should consult their attorneys for professional legal advice.<\/p>\r\n

Bottom Line: <\/strong>The ministerial exception can help protect Catholic education, but only if employee standards clearly require fidelity and religious duties for all positions and across the full curriculum. Institutions that compromise Catholic identity and have weak policies risk being left unprotected.<\/p>\r\n

Ruling:<\/strong> \u201cThe First Amendment\u2019s Religion Clauses foreclose the adjudication of\u2026 employment-discrimination claims\u201d by two Catholic elementary school teachers who taught several courses including a religion course. They are within the \u201cministerial exception\u201d as affirmed by the Court in Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. EEOC<\/em> (2012).<\/p>\r\n

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Focus on duties:<\/strong> The Court rejects the Ninth Circuit\u2019s arguments that an employee must be a religious \u201cleader\u201d and that \u201can employee\u2019s duties alone are not dispositive under Hosanna-Tabor<\/em>\u2019s framework.\u201d Justice Alito writes, \u201cWhat matters, at bottom, is what an employee does. \u2026educating young people in their faith, inculcating its teachings, and training them to live their faith are responsibilities that lie at the very core of the mission of a private religious school.\u201d<\/p>\r\n

No strict test:<\/strong> The Court rejects any \u201crigid formula\u201d for applying the ministerial exception. Hosanna-Tabor<\/em> considered four factors: the employee\u2019s title, training, public standing, and job duties. But Guadalupe<\/em> finds that \u201ca variety of factors may be important\u201d and clarifies that the Hosanna-Tabor<\/em> ruling \u201cdid not mean that [the four factors in that case] must be met\u2014or even that they are necessarily important\u2014in all other cases.\u201d The Court finds that three of the Hosanna-Tabor<\/em> factors are not decisive in this case: neither teacher is titled \u201cminister\u201d (although the Court does note that the Archdiocese of Los Angeles describes all teachers as \u201ccatechists\u201d), minimal prior religious training (although the Court notes employer-sponsored training), and one teacher\u2019s failure to \u201chold herself out to the public as a religious leader or minister.\u201d<\/p>\r\n

Other factors:<\/strong> The Court notes the following factors (in no particular order): employment agreement and handbook requiring religious instruction and witness, taught many subjects including religion, taught religion daily using Catholic catechism textbook, tested students on religion, prepared and accompanied students for Mass and Confession, selected students for Mass readings and bringing gifts at Mass, took students on annual trip to cathedral, prayed with students daily, taught prayers, took religious education courses at school\u2019s request, attended Catholic education conference, attended faculty prayer services, directed Passion play, taught in fidelity to Catholic teachings, infused classes with Catholic values and teachings, included religious displays in the classroom, and performance reviews according to religious standards.<\/p>\r\n

Deference: <\/strong>The Court regards the religious employer or church\u2019s determination of what constitutes religious duties to be \u201cimportant\u201d to its application of the ministerial exception.<\/p>\r\n

In a country with the religious diversity of the United States, judges cannot be expected to have a complete understanding and appreciation of the role played by every person who performs a particular role in every religious tradition. A religious institution\u2019s explanation of the role of such employees in the life of the religion in question is important.<\/p>\r\n

In a nod to Catholic Church authority, the Court notes:<\/p>\r\n

In the Catholic tradition, religious education is \u201c\u2018intimately bound up with the whole of the Church\u2019s life.\u2019\u201d Catechism of the Catholic Church<\/em> 8 (2d ed. 2016). Under canon law, local bishops must satisfy themselves that \u201cthose who are designated teachers of religious instruction in schools . . . are outstanding in correct doctrine, the witness of a Christian life, and teaching skill.\u201d Code of Canon Law<\/em>, Canon 804, \u00a72 (Eng. transl. 1998).<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n

Scope of exception: <\/strong>The Court\u2019s ruling rests on whether employee is a \u201cteacher of religion.\u201d Schools will need to demonstrate that all teachers (not only those who teach designated religion courses) and non-teachers (including school administrators, coaches, guidance counselors, and support staff) are truly teaching religion or have other essential religious functions. The Newman Society is developing additional guidance on this point.<\/p>\r\n

Limitations:<\/strong> Employees not<\/u> covered by the ministerial exception are still subject to employment discrimination claims, including those under the Bostock<\/em> ruling regarding homosexuality and transgender status. The ministerial exception does not protect against discrimination claims by students, parents and others that are unrelated to employment (including Title IX claims).<\/p>\r\n

Recommendations:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

\r\n

Strengthen Catholic identity:<\/strong> Firmly ground all employment policies in Catholic teaching, require all teachers to include Catholic instruction across the curriculum, and require religious duties of non-teaching employees. Require all employees to evangelize in fidelity to Catholic teaching and the mission of Catholic education. Consider all factors cited above to improve ministerial exception claims. Strong Catholic identity overall (faith integrated across curriculum, sacraments, prayer, student activities, etc.) will help increase employees\u2019 ministerial activity.<\/p>\r\n

Nondiscrimination policies:<\/strong> Avoid listing any protected categories, but especially do not include sexual orientation or gender identity. Declare your legal right as a religious entity to make decisions based on religion; do not promise nondiscrimination on \u201creligion.\u201d Develop policies and arbitration for resolving discrimination claims and other disputes with ministerial employees.<\/p>\r\n

Employee benefits:<\/strong> Check employee benefits to ensure fidelity to Catholic moral teaching.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n

Catholic Identity Standards Project:<\/strong> The Newman Society is working on policy standards to help Catholic schools and colleges protect and strengthen Catholic identity. This work depends on the assistance of a large number of expert reviewers. If you would like to assist, please contact Michael Kenney, director of Catholic Identity Standards Project, at mkenney@cardinalnewmansociety.org<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n

 <\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Cardinal Newman Society is working on detailed guidance to help Catholic schools and colleges strengthen their ability to claim the \u201cministerial exception\u201d in light of the July 8th Supreme Court ruling in Our Lady of Guadalupe School v. Agnes Morrissey-Berru (combined with St. James School v. Darryl Biel, as […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":1704,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"issue":[290,291],"item_type":[],"coauthors":[70],"class_list":["post-3584","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mission-and-governance","issue-public-policy-and-legal-general","issue-research-analysis-public-policy-and-legal-general"],"yoast_head":"\nKey Points on Supreme Court\u2019s Our Lady of Guadalupe Ruling on Ministerial Exception - Cardinal Newman Society<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Catholic schools are not only content providers but also evangelical learning communities.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cardinalnewmansociety.org\/key-points-guadalupe-ministerial-exception\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Key Points on Supreme Court\u2019s Our Lady of Guadalupe Ruling on Ministerial Exception - 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Reilly is President, CEO, and Founder of The Cardinal Newman Society, which promotes and defends faithful Catholic education. Since 1993, the Society has led a movement of educators and parents to uphold clear standards of truth and fidelity in Catholic education and to build up a strong core of faithful Catholic schools, homeschools, colleges, and graduate programs. This is done in full accord with the Magisterium of the Catholic Church and to promote the vision of the Society\u2019s holy patron, Saint John Henry Newman. Patrick also serves as an adjunct professor teaching rhetoric at Holy Apostles College and Seminary and a teacher and developer of logic, rhetoric, and philosophy courses for students grade 7-12 at Aquinas Learning, a classical Catholic hybrid school founded and led by his wife, Rosario. 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Reilly is President, CEO, and Founder of The Cardinal Newman Society, which promotes and defends faithful Catholic education. Since 1993, the Society has led a movement of educators and parents to uphold clear standards of truth and fidelity in Catholic education and to build up a strong core of faithful Catholic schools, homeschools, colleges, and graduate programs. This is done in full accord with the Magisterium of the Catholic Church and to promote the vision of the Society\u2019s holy patron, Saint John Henry Newman. Patrick also serves as an adjunct professor teaching rhetoric at Holy Apostles College and Seminary and a teacher and developer of logic, rhetoric, and philosophy courses for students grade 7-12 at Aquinas Learning, a classical Catholic hybrid school founded and led by his wife, Rosario. He has authored and edited many articles, reports, studies, and other publications on Catholic education for The Cardinal Newman Society and national media; addressed audiences for national and local Catholic organizations; and appeared on EWTN, FOX News, MSNBC, and numerous radio programs. Patrick was awarded Honorary Doctorates of Humane Letters from Benedictine College (Atchison, Kan.) in 2022 and Holy Apostles College and Seminary (Cromwell, Conn.) in 2008. He also was awarded the Catholic Culture Award from Our Lady Seat of Wisdom College (Barry\u2019s Bary, Ontario) in 2023; the Excellence in Youth Ministry Award from the Diocese of Arlington in 2019; the Lumen Vitae Medal from the University of Mary in 2018; the Miles Militantis Ecclesiae Award from the Brent Society of the Diocese of Arlington in 2011; the Hall of Fame Award from the Catholic Education Foundation in 2009; and the Spes Nostra Award from the National Association of Private Catholic and Independent Schools in 2003. He previously served as editor and research fellow at Capital Research Center, executive director of Citizens for Educational Freedom, higher education analyst at the U.S. House of Representatives, program analyst at the U.S. Department of Education, media consultant for the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, and chairman of American Collegians for Life. 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