{"id":3588,"date":"2020-06-17T09:00:21","date_gmt":"2020-06-17T13:00:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cardinalnewmansociety.org\/?p=3588"},"modified":"2020-08-05T20:59:16","modified_gmt":"2020-08-06T00:59:16","slug":"key-points-on-supreme-courts-bostock-ruling-on-sex-discrimination","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cardinalnewmansociety.org\/key-points-on-supreme-courts-bostock-ruling-on-sex-discrimination\/","title":{"rendered":"Key Points on Supreme Court\u2019s Bostock Ruling on Sex Discrimination"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n
Click here for PDF<\/a><\/div>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n

The Cardinal Newman Society hosted a webinar on June 17, 2020, for Catholic education leaders, in which Gregory Baylor, senior counsel and director of the Center for Religious Schools at Alliance Defending Freedom, offered a brief assessment of the June 15th<\/sup> Supreme Court ruling in Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia<\/em>. The following summarizes our understanding of what we learned from that webinar and other experts. Educators should consult their attorneys for professional legal advice.<\/p>\r\n

Ruling:<\/strong> \u201cAn employer who fires an individual merely for being gay or transgender violates Title VII,\u201d the federal law banning employment discrimination in categories including sex.<\/p>\r\n

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Definition of \u201csex\u201d:<\/strong> The Court did not explicitly reject the understanding of \u201csex\u201d as male and female, as some activists hoped. It is therefore incorrect to say that the Court \u201credefined sex\u201d to include multiple \u201cgenders.\u201d The Court found that identification as homosexual or transgender is a matter related to biological sex, and so they fall within the scope of sex discrimination. The Court did not address \u201cother genders\u201d or uncertain gender.<\/p>\r\n

Scope of sex discrimination:<\/strong> Previously the Court has interpreted Title VII to forbid only adverse discrimination that is unwarranted and a double standard for men or women. But this ruling finds that homosexuality and transgender identification are protected categories, even though employment standards be applied equally to men and women.<\/p>\r\n

Status vs. conduct:<\/strong> The Court ruling fails to distinguish homosexual or transgender inclination or identification<\/em> from expression and conduct<\/em>\u2014a distinction that is central to Catholic teaching.<\/p>\r\n

Statutory:<\/strong> The ruling interprets Title VII but identifies no new constitutional rights.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n

Religious exemption:<\/strong> Title VII includes an exemption for a \u201creligious corporation, association, educational institution, or society with respect to the employment of individuals of a particular religion\u2026\u201d This should allow a Catholics-only hiring policy, but not every baptized Catholic is a suitable employee. Unless the exemption is strengthened, it is uncertain whether courts will allow moral and doctrinal criteria for employment, which are essential to faithful Catholic education.<\/p>\r\n

Education law:<\/strong> Title VII has tended to guide interpretations of Title IX (on sex discrimination in education), but the Title IX religious exemption is much stronger. Although not required, several institutions have obtained prior determinations from the Education Department that they are exempt; those that have not should weigh the merits of doing so, while there is an administration that is favorable to the granting of such exemptions. COVID relief loans under the Paycheck Protection Program put schools and colleges under Title IX until the loan is forgiven or returned, but Baylor sees little reason for changing direction on PPP loans. Sex discrimination is not a statutory barrier to Title IV funding.<\/p>\r\n

Legal defense:<\/strong> A Catholic school or college that is charged with illegal sex discrimination may have recourse to the following defenses.<\/p>\r\n

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Religious exemption:<\/strong> As noted, religious exemptions in Title VII and Title IX.<\/p>\r\n

Ministerial exception:<\/strong> This will not cover all employees. A Supreme Court ruling on its scope is expected this month. The exception is not statutory; it is based on the First Amendment.<\/p>\r\n

Religious Freedom Restoration Act:<\/strong> Must prove that a government action is a \u201csubstantial burden\u201d on religion; seems to apply here, but courts may disagree. Government must then show that it could not achieve its purpose in a way that is less burdensome to religion.<\/p>\r\n

First Amendment:<\/strong> Arguments for free exercise of religion, freedom of association, freedom from compelled speech.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n

Recommendations:<\/strong><\/p>\r\n

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Strengthen Catholic identity:<\/strong> Firmly ground all policies in Catholic teaching and explain in writing why policies are necessary according to religious beliefs. Baylor cautions against the opposite strategy: laying low and downplaying Catholic identity, which weakens a religious freedom defense. Explicitly state expectations for employees and what will happen if violated. Always justify policies according to Catholic beliefs.<\/p>\r\n

An institution\u2019s religious identity, under the law, is whatever the institution declares to be its own deeply held beliefs. A \u201cCatholic\u201d label is neither enough nor necessary. Put into writing the school or college\u2019s Catholic beliefs, especially those that are likely to be challenged, and clearly identify authoritative sources of the school\u2019s beliefs (such as Catechism of the Catholic Church).<\/p>\r\n

Nondiscrimination policies:<\/strong> Avoid listing any protected categories, but especially do not include sexual orientation or gender identity. Do not promise nondiscrimination on \u201creligion\u201d; declare your legal status as a religious entity with freedom to make decisions based on religion.<\/p>\r\n

Employee benefits:<\/strong> Check employee benefits to ensure no support for \u201cgender reassignment,\u201d same-sex marriage, etc. Any compromise can weaken a religious freedom defense.<\/p>\r\n

Language:<\/strong> Clarify language in all policies, especially employment documents, that is vague, confusing, or in conflict with Catholic teaching regarding sexuality and gender.<\/p>\r\n

Lobby Congress:<\/strong> Consult your legal counsel; generally nonprofits can lobby on matters that directly affect them. Urge Congress to protect religious education and, if possible, to amend law to reverse Bostock<\/em> ruling. Oppose Equality Act, which is highly dangerous: would enshrine Bostock<\/em> in law, embrace gender ideology, remove religious exemption, and end RFRA application to sex discrimination. Oppose Fairness for All Act, which would enshrine Bostock<\/em> in law (an immoral law) in exchange for religious exemptions that are unlikely to survive.<\/p>\r\n<\/blockquote>\r\n

Catholic Identity Standards Project:<\/strong> Please know that the Newman Society is working on policy standards to help Catholic schools and colleges stay firmly grounded in Catholic identity while establishing the best protection against legal threats. This work depends on the assistance of a large number of expert reviewers. If you would like to assist by commenting on draft documents, please contact Michael Kenney, director of the Catholic Identity Standards Project, at mkenney@cardinalnewmansociety.org.<\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Cardinal Newman Society hosted a webinar on June 17, 2020, for Catholic education leaders, in which Gregory Baylor, senior counsel and director of the Center for Religious Schools at Alliance Defending Freedom, offered a brief assessment of the June 15th Supreme Court ruling in Bostock v. Clayton County, Georgia. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":3551,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"issue":[290,291],"item_type":[],"coauthors":[70],"class_list":["post-3588","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mission-and-governance","issue-public-policy-and-legal-general","issue-research-analysis-public-policy-and-legal-general"],"yoast_head":"\nKey Points on Supreme Court\u2019s Bostock Ruling on Sex Discrimination - Cardinal Newman Society<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Catholic schools are not only content providers but also evangelical learning communities.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/cardinalnewmansociety.org\/key-points-on-supreme-courts-bostock-ruling-on-sex-discrimination\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Key Points on Supreme Court\u2019s Bostock Ruling on Sex Discrimination - 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Reilly is President, CEO, and Founder of The Cardinal Newman Society, which promotes and defends faithful Catholic education. Since 1993, the Society has led a movement of educators and parents to uphold clear standards of truth and fidelity in Catholic education and to build up a strong core of faithful Catholic schools, homeschools, colleges, and graduate programs. This is done in full accord with the Magisterium of the Catholic Church and to promote the vision of the Society\u2019s holy patron, Saint John Henry Newman. Patrick also serves as an adjunct professor teaching rhetoric at Holy Apostles College and Seminary and a teacher and developer of logic, rhetoric, and philosophy courses for students grade 7-12 at Aquinas Learning, a classical Catholic hybrid school founded and led by his wife, Rosario. 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Reilly is President, CEO, and Founder of The Cardinal Newman Society, which promotes and defends faithful Catholic education. Since 1993, the Society has led a movement of educators and parents to uphold clear standards of truth and fidelity in Catholic education and to build up a strong core of faithful Catholic schools, homeschools, colleges, and graduate programs. This is done in full accord with the Magisterium of the Catholic Church and to promote the vision of the Society\u2019s holy patron, Saint John Henry Newman. Patrick also serves as an adjunct professor teaching rhetoric at Holy Apostles College and Seminary and a teacher and developer of logic, rhetoric, and philosophy courses for students grade 7-12 at Aquinas Learning, a classical Catholic hybrid school founded and led by his wife, Rosario. He has authored and edited many articles, reports, studies, and other publications on Catholic education for The Cardinal Newman Society and national media; addressed audiences for national and local Catholic organizations; and appeared on EWTN, FOX News, MSNBC, and numerous radio programs. Patrick was awarded Honorary Doctorates of Humane Letters from Benedictine College (Atchison, Kan.) in 2022 and Holy Apostles College and Seminary (Cromwell, Conn.) in 2008. He also was awarded the Catholic Culture Award from Our Lady Seat of Wisdom College (Barry\u2019s Bary, Ontario) in 2023; the Excellence in Youth Ministry Award from the Diocese of Arlington in 2019; the Lumen Vitae Medal from the University of Mary in 2018; the Miles Militantis Ecclesiae Award from the Brent Society of the Diocese of Arlington in 2011; the Hall of Fame Award from the Catholic Education Foundation in 2009; and the Spes Nostra Award from the National Association of Private Catholic and Independent Schools in 2003. He previously served as editor and research fellow at Capital Research Center, executive director of Citizens for Educational Freedom, higher education analyst at the U.S. House of Representatives, program analyst at the U.S. Department of Education, media consultant for the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops, and chairman of American Collegians for Life. Patrick and his wife Rosario have five children, including four who have attended Newman Guide colleges.","url":"https:\/\/cardinalnewmansociety.org\/author\/patrick-reilly\/"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cardinalnewmansociety.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3588","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cardinalnewmansociety.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cardinalnewmansociety.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cardinalnewmansociety.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cardinalnewmansociety.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3588"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/cardinalnewmansociety.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3588\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cardinalnewmansociety.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3551"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cardinalnewmansociety.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3588"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cardinalnewmansociety.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3588"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cardinalnewmansociety.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3588"},{"taxonomy":"issue","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cardinalnewmansociety.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/issue?post=3588"},{"taxonomy":"item_type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cardinalnewmansociety.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/item_type?post=3588"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cardinalnewmansociety.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/coauthors?post=3588"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}